The jury is still out on whether blockbuster proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) that treat gastroesophageal acid reflux cause kidney damage. According to Kaiser Health News, a growing body of evidence suggests a link between PPIs and serious adverse events, such as chronic kidney disease. Recently, lawsuits have been filed alleging that manufacturers should have known the potential harms of their medications; however, PPI manufacturers strongly stand behind their products, according to the report. A spokeswoman of AstraZeneca told KHN in an emailed statement that the company is “confident in the safety and efficacy of Nexium and Prilosec when used in accordance with the FDA approved label.” However, these PPIs are also frequently prescribed for minor indigestion, which often leads to chronic use, despite only being deemed safe by the FDA for short-term use. In 2016, 2 large studies that included data from hundreds of thousands of patients taking prescription PPIs raised concerns about a link between the pills and kidney failure, KHN reported. The results of both studies found that patients who took prescription PPIs were more likely to develop kidney disease than patients taking H2 blockers. Patients who took PPIs twice-daily were more likely to develop the disease, and the kidney risk associated with the pills increased over time for the first 2 years. A limitation of both studies was that they were observational and, therefore, could not prove cause and effect. There is some skepticism about the association, however, that PPIs have also been linked to several other risks, including a rare type of infectious diarrheas, pneumonia, and bone fracture. “Is it that the PPI is really causing all these different things or is it the fact that sicker people get PPIs and sicker people have bad outcomes?” Dr John Danziger, nephrologist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and professor at Harvard Medical School, told KHN. “I think it’s probably the latter.”