AI is transforming oncology by enhancing clinical trials, personalizing treatments, and improving pharmacy practices, promising faster, more precise cancer care.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing oncology practice and research. In clinical trials, AI-driven tools are being used to improve study design, patient recruitment, and data analysis, all while making clinical trials more precise and efficient. Deep learning has shown great promise in image recognition, diagnostics, and pattern recognition in oncology workflows.1 Machine learning (ML) algorithms can rapidly and accurately match patients to clinical trials, optimize trial designs, and reveal deeper patterns from real-world data (RWD).2
In oncology pharmacy, AI is helping providers make more informed decisions like choosing personalized therapies that support precision medicine approaches based on the patient’s lifestyle, genetic profile, and clinical presentation. AI is also used to monitor medication adherence and management through remote patient monitoring. Despite challenges with integration into new systems, data quality, and ethical responsibilities, AI’s role in oncology shows promising proof of the potential to fast-track drug development, improve patient outcomes, and optimize how clinical trials are designed and conducted.
AI’s impact on oncology is not theoretical. Deep learning models have already achieved dermatologist-level accuracy in identifying skin cancer through imaging algorithms.3 In another example, deep learning has been shown to predict microsatellite instability directly from histology slides in gastrointestinal cancers, demonstrating its power in advancing oncologic diagnostics.4 A 2021 systematic review found that deep learning algorithms demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy across multiple imaging modalities, often matching or surpassing human expert performance in medical imaging tasks, including oncology.5
The importance of clinical trials cannot be overstated, but long timelines and high costs are an obstacle. AI is now being used to streamline different stages of the clinical trials. One major application is in patient requirement and selection. Traditionally, finding eligible patients for oncology trials is time-consuming because the researchers have to manually sort through electronic health records (EHRs) to identify patients that meet the specified criteria. Using natural language processing (NLP) and large language models (LLMs) can speed up this process.
Researchers at the National Institutes of Health have developed an AI tool called TrialGPT that is able to analyze patient information alongside clinical trial databases to match patients with appropriate clinical trials. During initial testing, TrialGPT helped providers spend 40% less time screening patients, all while maintaining the same level of accuracy. With streamlined trial enrollment, the creation of clinical evidence is accelerated. Building on this, a recent study by Jin et al showed that LLMs significantly outperform traditional keyword searches by interpreting subtle clinical terminology in patient records and trial criteria. This capability allows for more inclusive and efficient patient-trial matching, which reinforces the potential of AI-driven tools to transform oncology research.6
However, researchers have warned that generalizability and transparency remain primary concerns. AI models trained on data from academic institutions may perform poorly in community settings with more diverse patient populations. Additionally, if these models do not clearly explain how eligibility decisions are made, clinicians may be reluctant to adopt them, especially in high-stakes cancer trials. Addressing these issues will be vital for the successful integration of LLMs in future trial workflows.
AI isn’t just helping with patient recruitment; it’s also changing how clinical trials are designed. By utilizing and analyzing historical trial data, patient outcomes, and RWD, AI can help create stronger, more predictive studies.7 Recurrent neural networks have already demonstrated success in predicting clinical outcomes such as early detection of heart failure from longitudinal EHR data, which is an approach that could similarly be used for identifying high-risk oncology patients.8 ML can identify which patient groups are most likely to have a positive response from a new treatment, which helps modify inclusion criteria like adaptive trial designs, allowing for dose modifications or treatment switches midtrial based on initial biomarker data.9
Recent research highlights AI’s ability to integrate structured and unstructured health data across systems, making trial protocols more dynamic and patient-centered.10 AI also makes it easier to run adaptive trials that adjust treatments or doses as the study progresses by using real-time diagnostic or biomarker information. The FDA’s Real-World Evidence Program underscores how these data streams, including EHRs and claim data, can support regulatory decisions, further validating their use in AI-driven oncology trials.11
Another area where AI is making an impact is in how control groups and trial end points are handled. Instead of relying on large placebo groups, researchers can utilize EHRs to create synthetic control cohorts. AI algorithms can also keep an eye on new trial data to spot safety or effectiveness signals faster than traditional methods would allow. These advancements help make clinical trials faster, cheaper, and more precise. To support this process, computational pathology has also begun adopting best practices and regulatory guidance for AI-driven diagnostics, while keeping consistency and clinical trust in trial end points and data pipelines.12
AI is also changing everyday oncology pharmacy practice. AI can take over tasks such as scheduling, coding, or data entry so that clinicians can dedicate more time to patient care.13 Oncology clinicians and providers face the challenge of integrating a huge amount of information, such as tumor types, patient disease characteristics, treatment guidelines, and insurance coverage when deciding on therapies. AI can be integrated in clinical decision support systems to help process this information quickly to recommend personalized treatment options, as has been successfully demonstrated in cardiology.14 However, for these recommendations to be trusted and adopted by clinicians, the AI systems have to be explainable, meaning the outputs can be clearly articulated and justified by other clinicians.15
Deep learning applications in cardiovascular medicine have highlighted parallel barriers to adoption, including the need for large, well-annotated datasets, model transparency, and rigorous validation—all of which are equally essential in oncology pharmacy.16 For example, an AI system might automatically check a new chemotherapy order against the latest guidelines and the patient’s specific genetic markers or suggest more personalized alternative treatment regimens or dose adjustments with fewer adverse effects. These kinds of real-time, point-of-case recommendations can speed up decision-making and improve precision medicine selection.17
Medication management and adherence to oral oncolytics is another area where AI can be used. Many patients take oral treatments at home, where monitoring can be tricky. Smart pillboxes combined with AI can not only track when patients take their medications but also cross-check dosing times with reported symptoms. This can help catch problems early and trigger early interventions, avoiding toxicity, hospitalizations, or treatment discontinuations. A recent systematic review identified a wide range of smart medication systems—sensor-equipped pods, pill bottles, and automated dispensers—that can capture real-time adherence data and share it with patients and clinicians, though usability and integration into existing workflows remain key challenges.18
On the operational side, AI can improve medication safety by validating complex chemotherapy dose calculations which is often an area for potential error. By being trained on pharmacy data, AI can verify calculations or flag when a dose looks unusual. Al-driven forecasting models like those utilizing neural networks have demonstrated superior accuracy in predicting pharmaceutical sales patterns and inventory changes, which allows for better inventory management and cost containment in hospital pharmacy operations.19
Despite the promise of AI in oncology, several challenges must be addressed to ensure its responsible and ethical implementation. Most important among these are data privacy and ethical governance. Many AI models are trained on clinical data originally collected for unrelated purposes, which raises questions about informed consent, secondary data use, and confidentiality protections governed by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). However, traditional privacy protections like HIPAA may be insufficient in the era of big data, where AI models trained on deidentified information can sometimes re-identify patients or infer sensitive health conditions.20
Beyond privacy concerns, AI introduces additional ethical challenges like ensuring accountability for algorithmic errors, maintaining transparency, and managing unintended consequences.21 If health information is used to train AI algorithms, explicit authorization or a HIPAA-compliant deidentification process is required, meaning data have to be stripped of all identifiers to qualify as deidentified under HIPAA’s “safe harbor” standard.22,23 Secondary use of data may require Institutional Review Board oversight or patient consent, depending on the intent or use. Experts have emphasized that AI-driven trial matching and treatment forecasting require intense regulatory oversight to ensure algorithms meet standards for clinical efficacy, safety, and fairness.24,25 Equally important is the issue of bias. If an AI system is trained on data that lack representation of diverse populations, including ethnicity, age, geography, race, and socioeconomic status, the recommendations may not be generalized to broader populations.26
Paul Alebrande is a 2027 PharmD candidate at the University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy in Chapel Hill.
His opinions are his own and are not affiliated with any institution. He did not receive funding for this article.
Some experts have also cautioned against inflated expectations surrounding early ML applications, warning that models deployed without adequate transparency, validation, or interpretability may create more harm than benefit. ML models frequently suffer from poor reproducibility—a recently published JAMA Viewpoint found that many clinical algorithms cannot be reliably reproduced due to issues like hidden randomness, lack of shared code, and incomplete documentation.27 This is concerning in oncology where environmental exposure, access to care, and genomic variations differ across patient populations. Inclusive data collection, detailed regulatory oversight, and routine bias auditing are vital to improving care for all using AI.
Despite these challenges, AI and ML are already reshaping oncology in measurable ways: accelerating trial timelines, refining treatment selection, and enhancing pharmacy operations. Al-powered NLP tools are already in clinical use: for example, an NLP algorithm was recently used in the Veterans Affairs Health System to accurately extract multiple myeloma staging from unstructured clinical notes, demonstrating the viability of automated oncology data extraction. Milestones like this point toward a future where health care professionals can utilize AI to understand large sums of clinical data in real time, allowing for faster, smarter, and more personalized treatments for patients who need them most. The path forward demands collaboration between providers, data scientists, ethicists, regulators, and patients themselves. If these partnerships are created thoughtfully, AI could bring in a new era of cancer care defined by precision, equity, and innovation.
