Elizabeth Kukielka, PharmD

A proposed mechanism underlying observed sex differences in HIV-associated vascular risk is increased immune activation in women.

Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma.

There was no statistically significant difference in medication possession ratio among HIV-positive patients taking generic or branded antiretrovirals.

Patients who achieved hepatitis C virus eradication experienced a reduction in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

Health care professionals should provide resources that help patients with HIV practice self-care.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis is highly effective preventing HIV if used as prescribed.

Chronic HCV infection has been linked to low serum zinc and low metallothioneins expression in liver cells.

Identifying and overcoming resistance to the use of generic HIV medications is becoming increasingly important to lower drug costs.

Patients with both hepatitis C and type 2 diabetes can develop fibrosis, steatosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and resistance to antiviral treatment.

The path to a hepatitis C vaccine is yielded by the virus’ virulent nature and its evasiveness to immune responses.