Brian Larson, BSPharm, RPh

This article originally appeared on our sister website 

The US Pharmacopeia (USP) Convention’s General Chapter <800> draft guidelines have already raised the bar for hazardous drug (HD) management and imposed costs for compliance.

The impact of these changes will be significant. Prior to the publication of USP <800>, many clinicians used a biosafety cabinet (BSC) and personal protective equipment for handling HDs. Although these offered some protection, formal education about HD management was all but nonexistent, and the lack of detailed policy and procedures made enforcement and optimal use of HD equipment a significant challenge. USP <800> brought this issue to the forefront by providing a clear explanation of the spectrum of safeguards needed to protect employees.

Readiness for enforcement of USP <800> varies from full compliance (rare) to no compliance decision having been made (also rare). Although not all are in conformance, most clinicians intend to comply.

USP <800> was intended to be enforceable starting on July 1, 2018. However, the final document release has been postponed to coordinate with the scheduled December 1, 2019, publication of the USP <797> revision. These guidelines cover pharmaceutical compounding and sterile preparations. The intent is to provide a unified approach to compounding practices that is safe for both patients and employees.

USP <797> describes the responsibilities of drug compounding personnel, training, facilities, environmental monitoring, and storage and testing of finished preparations. USP <800> describes requirements for HDs; facility and engineering controls; procedures for deactivating, decontaminating, and cleaning; spill control; and documentation.

Many clinicians have been preparing for USP <800> for a long time and are well on their way to compliance. However, for those just getting started, the following steps may make the process more manageable:

Assign a project lead. Although USP <800> clearly states that it is the responsibility of all employees who handle HDs to understand the chapter’s requirements, for ideal stewardship, each practice should designate a person to over- see implementation of USP <800> procedures and compliance.

Identify the HDs handled to ensure proper management in the future. Closely read the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s 2016 list of HDs to see which are classified as hazardous.

Obviously, it is important to thoroughly understand USP <800> requirements. Once comfortable with these requirements, focus on how HDs move through, from the point of receipt to inventory, storage, compounding, administration, and, finally, disposal. This will identify trouble spots where compliance is lacking.

USP <800> is specific about design and engineering controls, so evaluate the compounding area and BSC ventilation.

Prior to the date that USP <800> becomes enforceable, a drug compounding hood that vents to room air is acceptable. After December 1, 2019, USP <800> requires that all BSC hoods be vented to the outside environment.

Next, examine the compounding room design, as there are minimum requirements that must be met. In addition to the requirement for BSC hoods that vent to the outside, all quantities of HDs must be compounded in a segregated, negative-pressure room that is properly ventilated and constructed of a specific type of material. This represents the greatest challenge to general compliance because many do not yet conform to this requirement. 

If facility and engineering changes are needed, it is important to understand these may require 12 to 18 months to complete. If possible, it may be helpful to delay this aspect of compliance until the publication of the second-draft revision (late 2018) of USP <797>. Although unfinished, this draft should provide greater clarity about facility requirements.

Evaluate processes for personal protective equipment (PPE), and determine the level of compliance. 

Understanding the degree to which staff members embrace PPE is critical and necessary to developing improvement initiatives. Once management has a good understanding of the staff’s compliance level, it can identify improvements and begin drafting policies and procedures. Many templated products are available that make this job a bit easier. Training processes that include competency exams should be estab- lished, and strategies should be developed to ensure that the consistent use of PPE becomes part of the practice culture.

Management must stress the need for safe handling of HDs at every opportunity and take responsibility for developing practice improvement policies that educate, establish accountability, and drive compliance. USP <800> compliance requires policies and procedures that outline staff training, validation of skills, and documentation of staff knowledge of HD safe handling. Policy development is the low-cost piece of this challenge and, as such, should be done first.

Each USP <800> solution is unique. Until the final versions of USP <797> and <800> are released, it will be difficult to determine the cost of meeting requirements. However, estimates can be made. Costs for PPE are minimal. It could mean about an additional $5000 annually for PPE. In most cases, facility improvements should be achievable with an investment of $50,000 or less. A new expense resulting from USP<800> arises from the required use of closed-system transfer devices (CSTDs). The use of CSTDs is required for administration of all HDs. Expect an additional annual expense in the range of $40,000 to $50,000 for these items. Those incorporating CSTDs into the compounding process in the BSC, which is recommended but not required by USP <800>, could incur an additional annual expense of $50,000 to $60,000.

Those electing to do medium- to high-risk compounding (category 2, under a reclassification anticipated in the updated USP <797>) beyond 12-hour-use dating will require a fully engineered clean room, which can be extremely expensive. This can cost as much as $200,000 or more. For this reason, it is important to have a thorough understanding of what is required from its admixture/compounding program.

Uncertainties Over Enforcement and Noncompliance

As with USP <797>, uncertainties exist regarding USP <800> enforcement. Compliance enforcement will vary state by state, depending on medicine and pharmacy board rules and regula- tions. It is possible that a state’s public health department may be charged with the task. However, in most states, there is no designated agency to enforce compliance. Because employee safety is involved, it is reasonable to anticipate the state office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration eventually will be responsible.

According to a 2015 statement by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association, and the Oncology Nursing Society, over the past 20 years, at least 100 studies have shown evidence of HD contamination in the work environment.

 Although the deadline for compliance has been delayed, early implementation of USP <800> requirements is recommended.

1. US Pharmacopeial Convention. USP general chapter <800>: hazardous drugs—handling in healthcare settings. USP website. usp.org/sites/default/ files/usp/ document/our-work/healthcare-quality-safety/general-chapter-800.pdf. Published December 1, 2017. Accessed January 10, 2018

2. Tomkins J. Ensuring healthcare worker safety when handling hazardous drugs: the joint position statement from the Oncology Nursing Society, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association. 

. 2015;11(4):278-279. ascopubs.org/ doi/full/10.1200/ jop.2015.004978. Accessed November 22, 2017.

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The US Pharmacopeia (USP) Conventionâ€™s General Chapter  draft guidelines have already raised the bar for hazardous drug management and imposed costs for compliance.