Vaccine Timing and Safety in Patients With Neurological Diseases

This episode of Mind the Meds features guest Patti Yager-Stone, PharmD, BCPS, a clinical pharmacist in neurology at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Portland, Oregon, who oversees infusion management and vaccine coordination for about 120 neurology patients.

Yager-Stone explains that immunomodulating and immunosuppressant therapies both increase infection risk and can blunt vaccine response, making pretreatment vaccination and timing central to her practice. When vaccination history is incomplete, she recommends avoiding live vaccines in patients on many of these therapies and stresses using serologies and thorough documentation review, instead of patient recall alone. For pneumococcal vaccination, she highlights the CDC's PneumoRecs VaxAdvisor tool for navigating vaccine selection based on patient age and risk conditions. For Yager-Stone’s institution, the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is favored over the 21-valent option for those who are immunocompromised because the latter excludes serotype 4, which is responsible for more than 30% of invasive pneumococcal disease cases in Oregon and several other western states.

Marini and Yager-Stone discuss a recent cohort study that eased longstanding concerns about live vaccines, particularly the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, triggering relapses in those with multiple sclerosis, a finding both say has reinforced their practice of offering the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine to patients without documented immunity amid current measles activity. They also note that immunosuppressed patients with measles may present atypically, without the characteristic rash. The conversation also touches on the newly approved mRNA influenza vaccine for patients aged 50 years and older, which showed superior relative efficacy against influenza-like illness compared with standard-dose vaccine in trials; however, higher rates of reactogenic side effects such as fatigue were observed with the vaccine.

The episode closes on emerging observational evidence linking several vaccines, most notably the recombinant zoster vaccine, along with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccines, to reduced dementia risk, including a large study of skilled nursing facility residents showing a 24% relative risk reduction among those who received the zoster vaccine. Yager-Stone also flags an underrecognized risk with complement inhibitors, which increase meningitis risk substantially, and points to updated guidance suggesting concurrent antimicrobial prophylaxis alongside vaccination for these patients.