ENS Role in the Pathophysiology of IBS

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent disorder, the pathophysiologyof which, until recently, was poorly understood. Researchadvances have identified serotonin signaling abnormalities as a possiblecause. The role of serotonin in the enteric nervous system (ENS)—the primarycontrol center of gut function—was reviewed by Michael Gershon, MD, in theJournal of Clinical Gastroenterology (May/June 2005). Among the key pointsdiscussed were the essential roles of enterochromaffin cells, serotonin, andintrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) in receiving and transmitting signalswithin the gut. Enterochromaffin cells act as sensory transducers, communicatingconditions in the bowel by releasing the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]).

When released, serotonin binds to the 5-HT^1b receptor on submucosalIPANs, resulting in the release of neurotransmitters that initiate peristaltic andsecretory reflexes. Subsequent binding of serotonin to 5-HT⁴ receptorsenhances the release and potentiates the effects of these neurotransmitters,augmenting peristalsis. Conversely, stimulation of the 5-HT³ receptor activatesthe extrinsic visceral afferent neurons, thereby affecting visceral sensation.The distinct roles and clear segregation of these serotonin receptor subtypesin the gut have led to the development of medications that manipulate serotonergicsignaling in the ENS.